Consideraciones legales corporativas: Estructuras corporativas entre México y Canadá para Operaciones Transfronterizas – Parte II

By: Luis Gerardo Ramírez Villela

En el contexto de la evolución de la relación comercial entre México y Canadá, derivada de la situación comercial actual en Norteamérica y la revisión del Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC), y en el contexto del auge de la relocalización de operaciones (nearshoring), a continuación se presenta una breve descripción de los tipos de sociedades más relevantes en Canadá para determinar la mejor estrategia según la naturaleza de cada sociedad y sus beneficios fiscales con las subsidiarias mexicanas.


Canadá

Existen diferentes tipos de sociedades a efectos fiscales, y es necesario seleccionar la que mejor describa su tipo de sociedad al final del ejercicio fiscal. El tipo de sociedad determina si la sociedad tiene derecho a ciertas tasas y deducciones fiscales.


•Sociedad privada controlada por canadienses (CCPC);

•Otras sociedades privadas;

•Sociedad pública;

•Sociedad controlada por una sociedad pública; y

•Otras sociedades.


Estructuras Empresariales
En este caso particular, nos centraremos específicamente en los tipos de estructuras empresariales disponibles en Canadá, similares a las utilizadas en México y analizadas en la Parte I de este artículo.

Empresa Unipersonal (Sole Proprietorship)
Una empresa unipersonal es un negocio no constituido como sociedad, propiedad de un solo individuo, y es la estructura empresarial más sencilla en Canadá.


El propietario de una empresa unipersonal es el único responsable de tomar decisiones, recibe todas las ganancias, reclama todas las pérdidas y no tiene personalidad jurídica propia.

Por lo tanto, la empresa unipersonal asume todos los riesgos del negocio, incluso en lo que respecta a sus bienes personales.
Sociedad Colectiva (Partnership) Una sociedad colectiva es una asociación o relación entre dos o más personas físicas, corporaciones, fideicomisos o sociedades que se unen para llevar a cabo una actividad comercial.
Cada socio aporta capital, trabajo, bienes o habilidades a la sociedad y, a cambio, tiene derecho a una parte de las ganancias o pérdidas del negocio, según lo estipulado en el contrato de sociedad.


Un simple acuerdo verbal es suficiente para formar una sociedad colectiva; sin embargo, la mayoría de las sociedades colectivas se rigen por un acuerdo escrito que establece las normas para la entrada y salida de socios, la distribución de ingresos y otros asuntos.


La sociedad colectiva está obligada por las acciones de cualquiera de sus miembros, siempre que estas se encuentren dentro del ámbito habitual de sus operaciones.
Sociedad Anónima (Corporation) Una sociedad anónima es una entidad jurídica independiente que puede celebrar acuerdos y poseer bienes a su propio nombre, de forma separada y distinta de sus propietarios.
Al constituir una sociedad anónima, los propietarios transfieren dinero, bienes o servicios a la sociedad a cambio de acciones, actuando entonces como accionistas. Una sociedad anónima continúa existiendo a menos que se disuelva, se fusione o renuncie a su personalidad jurídica por razones como la quiebra.


Una sociedad anónima se constituye mediante la elaboración de los estatutos sociales y el envío de la documentación a los gobiernos provinciales, territoriales o federales correspondientes.
Consideraciones fiscales. Cada tipo de sociedad y estructura empresarial tiene un tratamiento fiscal específico en Canadá.

Desde la perspectiva mexicana, la S. de R.L. es una entidad que califica como entidad de transferencia en ciertos casos en Canadá y, por lo tanto, analizar dicha corporación y estructuras será beneficioso para tener una estrategia fiscal eficiente al constituir una subsidiaria en México.

 

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Mergers & Acquisitions

We provide services in acquisitions, sales, mergers, spin-offs, reorganizations and co-investments, representing national and foreign clients operating in various industrial and commercial sectors.

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Müggenburg, Gorches and Peñalosa's restructuring practice includes representation of corporate debtors, hedge funds, in various industries, etc., in restructuring proceedings and bankruptcy equivalents (insolvency proceedings).